Glass and Ceramic Minerals
A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline and often completely amorphous. Varying crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators and extensively researched in ceramic engineering. With such a large range of possible options for the composition / structure of a ceramic, the breadth of the subject is vast and identifiable attributes (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical conductivity etc.) are hard to specify for the group as a whole.
General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm, with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, glass transition temperature, superconductive ceramics etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber, while containing ceramic materials, are not considered to be part of the ceramic family. Glass-ceramics are mostly produced in two steps: First, a glass is formed by a glass-manufacturing process. The glass is cooled down and is then reheated in a second step. In this heat treatment the glass partly crystallizes
The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to create smooth, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates. Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.
Indian Minerals
Metallic Minerals
Cadmium Ore
Copper Ore
Lead Ore
Zinc Ore
Iron Ore
Manganese Ore
Tungsten Ore
Bauxite Ore
Limestone and Dolomite
Limestone
Dolomite
Fertilizer Minerals
Gypsum
Pyrite
Rock Phosphate
Saltpeter
Fuel Minerals
Lignite
Glass and Ceramic Minerals
Ball Clay
China Clay
Feldspar
Fire Clay
Kyanite
Quartz
Quartzite
Silica Sand
Precious and Semiprecious Minerals
Aquamarine
Emerald
Industrial Minerals
Asbestos
Barytes
Bentonite
Calcite
Fluorite
Fuller's Earth
Garnet
Graphite
Mica
Mill Stone
Ochre
Pyrophylite
Siliceous Earth
Silimanite
Soapstone
Vermiculite
Wollastonite
Dimensional and Building Stone
Granite
Limestone - Flaggy
Marble
Rhyolite
Sandstone
Serpentinite
Shale/Schist/Phyllite
Slate